TiredMarble

Carlowitz, Treaty Of

2005-03-29T20:07:00.000-08:00

In the late summer of 1697, the Ottoman

Orlov, Grigory Grigoryevich, Graf (count)

2005-03-29T01:33:00.000-08:00

Having entered the cadet corps in 1749, Orlov became an artillery officer and fought in the Battle of

Christianity, The schism of 1054

2005-03-28T20:44:00.000-08:00

The greatest schism in church history occurred between the church of Constantinople and the church of Rome. While 1054 is the symbolic date of the separation, the agonizing division was six centuries in the making. The friction was ignited by several issues. The Eastern Church sharply disagreed when the Western Church introduced into the Nicene Creed the doctrine

Orlov, Grigory Grigoryevich, Graf (count)

2005-03-28T20:16:00.000-08:00

Judicial organ established in 1959 that is charged with supervising the enforcement of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950; commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights), which was drawn up by the Council of Europe. The convention obligates signatories to guarantee various civil and political freedoms, including

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

2005-03-28T07:09:00.000-08:00

Nadr later dethroned Tahmasp II in favour of the latter's son, the more pliant 'Abbas III. His successful military exploits, however, which included victories over rebels in the Caucasus, made it feasible for this stern warrior himself to be proclaimed monarch—as Nadir Shah—in 1736. He attempted to mollify Persian-Ottoman hostility by establishing in Iran a less aggressive form

Amazon River, Early European exploration

2005-03-26T13:25:00.000-08:00

In the early days the river was the only means of access into the forest. Francisco de Orellana descended the main course of the river from the Peruvian Andes to the Atlantic in 1541–42. Nearly a century later, Pedro Teixeira went from Belém to Quito, Ecuador, and the region increasingly became known through the explorations of the Portuguese. In 1743 the French naturalist Charles-Marie

Tea Olive

2005-03-26T11:38:00.000-08:00

Any plant of the genus Osmanthus in the family Oleaceae, often grown for its fragrant flowers and shining, evergreen foliage. There are more than 30 species, native to eastern North America, Mexico, southeastern Asia, Hawaii, and New Caledonia. Sweet olive, or sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), a 10-metre (33-foot) tree, produces an edible fruit. Its leaves, used to perfume tea, hide

Château-thierry

2005-03-25T22:46:00.000-08:00

Town, northeast France, Aisne département, Picardie region, east-northeast of Paris. It is situated on the Marne River on the slopes of a hill, at the top of which are the ruins of an old castle, said to have been built in about 720 by the Frankish ruler Charles Martel for his puppet Thierry IV (the Merovingian king Theodoric). Close to the castle walls stands the 16th-century mansion

Devonshire, William Cavendish, 1st Earl Of, Baron Cavendish Of Hardwick

2005-03-23T11:58:00.000-08:00

The son of Sir William Cavendish and his third wife, Elizabeth Hardwick (afterward the Countess of Shrewsbury), the young Cavendish was educated at Eton College and Gray's Inn and was knighted in 1580 and created a baron in 1605. In 1608 he inherited a rich estate from his mother and later became

Teratology

2005-03-23T06:17:00.000-08:00

Branch of the biological sciences dealing with the causes, development, description, and classification of congenital malformations in plants and animals and with the experimental production, in some instances, of these malformations. Congenital malformations arise from interruption in the early development of the organism. Malformations in human infants,

Biblical Literature, Kings: the second book

2005-03-23T02:29:00.000-08:00

The Second Book of Kings continues the history of the monarchies of Israel and Judah and of the prophetic movement. Ahaziah fell from an upper chamber of his palace in Samaria and sought help from Baalzebub, the god of Ekron. Elijah met the messengers to castigate them for not seeking aid from Yahweh, the God of Israel, and told a third delegation that had been sent out

Annelid, Size range and diversity of structure

2005-03-22T10:11:00.000-08:00

The length of annelids varies from a fraction of an inch to more than six metres (about 20 feet). The width may exceed 2.5 centimetres (about one inch) in the contracted state. Free-moving polychaetes and earthworms include the largest species. Leeches attain lengths of about 0.4 metre in the contracted state.

General Mills, Inc.

2005-03-22T03:42:00.000-08:00

General Mills was incorporated in 1928 to acquire Washburn Crosby Company, a flour-milling company formed in 1866, and four other milling companies. Specializing in cereals and flour products, the

Manchuria

2005-03-21T16:34:00.000-08:00

Also called Northeast , Wade-Giles Tung-pei , Pinyin Dongbei historical region of northeastern China. Strictly speaking, it consists of the modern provinces (sheng) of Liaoning (south), Kirin (central), and Heilungkiang (north); often, however, the northeastern portion of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also is included. Manchuria is bounded by Russia (northwest, north, and east), North Korea (south), and the province of Hopeh (southwest).

Pole, Reginald

2005-03-20T05:48:00.000-08:00

His father, Sir Richard Pole, was a cousin of King Henry VII, and his mother, Margaret, countess of Salisbury, was a niece of Edward

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

2005-03-20T00:38:00.000-08:00

American lawyer and politician (b. July 24, 1920, New York, N.Y.--d. March 31, 1998, New York), variously identified as "Battling Bella" and "Mother Courage," was a quintessential progressive known for her groundbreaking roles as peace activist, feminist, environmentalist, and early advocate for gay rights. Abzug was the daughter of Russian- Jewish immigrants. She earned degrees from Hunter

Islam, The Black Muslims

2005-03-19T18:33:00.000-08:00

After World War II an Islamic movement arose among blacks in the United States; members called themselves the Nation of Islam, but they were popularly known as Black Muslims. Although they adopted some Islamic social practices, the group was in large part a black separatist and social protest movement. Their leader, Elijah Muhammad, who claimed to be an inspired prophet,

Annatto

2005-03-19T04:29:00.000-08:00

(Bixa orellana), tree native to the New World tropics and the only species of the family Bixaceae. Annatto grows up to 9 m (30 feet) tall and has rose-pink flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) wide and ovalish leaves about 8 to 18 cm long. The brown seed pods, about 5 cm long, yield a reddish or yellowish powder that is used in a dye for butter, cheese, and oleomargarine. The plant is cultivated in tropical

Strand, Mark

2005-03-18T17:56:00.000-08:00

Educated at Antioch College (B.A., 1957), Yale University (B.F.A., 1959), and the University of Iowa (M.A., 1962), Strand later taught at several American universities, including Brandeis, Princeton,

Mugla

2005-03-18T10:36:00.000-08:00

City, southwestern Turkey, on the edge of a small plain about 12 miles (20 km) north of the Gulf of Gökova. A favourite residence of the emirs of the 14th-century Turkmen Mentese principality, it was annexed to the Ottoman Empire in 1425. It is a local market for the agricultural products of the region and is linked by road with Izmir and Denizli. The surrounding region borders on both the

Karakul

2005-03-17T23:18:00.000-08:00

Sheep breed of central or west Asian origin, raised chiefly for the skins of very young lambs, which are covered with glossy, tightly curled black coats and are called Persian lamb in the fur trade. The wool of mature Karakul sheep, classified as carpet wool, is a mixture of coarse and fine fibres, from 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm) long, of colours varying from black to various shades

Farrukh Beg

2005-03-17T07:16:00.000-08:00

A Kalmyk of Central Asia, Farrukh Beg first worked at Kabul under Mirza Hakim, the half brother of the Mughal emperor Akbar. After Hakim died Farrukh Beg joined Akbar's service (1585). His earliest paintings are strongly Persian in character, and he continued to be a

Sunderland, Henry Spencer, 1st Earl Of, Baron Spencer Of Wormleighton

2005-03-15T22:58:00.000-08:00

Born to great wealth, he was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford (M.A., 1636), and succeeded his father as Baron Spencer in 1636. A firm Royalist, he served as Charles I's negotiator in the early years of the conflict with Parliament—a conflict that evolved into the Civil Wars. On June 8, 1643, he

Colonialism, Western, World War II (193945)

2005-03-15T19:56:00.000-08:00

Although the Axis Powers failed in their global strategy, they crippled European colonial rule in Asia.

Cardiovascular Disease, Severe congestive heart failure

2005-03-15T14:11:00.000-08:00

Heart failure may become totally disabling, with severe respiratory distress and inability to lie flat and to exercise. Gross edema including abnormal amounts of fluid in the abdomen (ascites) and in the chest cavity (hydrothorax) is present. When such circumstances are prolonged, general body deterioration may develop, with various secondary effects, such as appetite

Shield-backed Katydid

2005-03-15T07:53:00.000-08:00

Any orthopteran of the insect subfamily Decticinae, within the long-horned grasshopper (or katydid) family Tettigoniidae. They are cricketlike in appearance, are more than 2.5 cm (1 inch) long, and are brown or black in colour. They have a pronotum (dorsal surface of the prothorax) that extends back to the abdomen. Most species have short wings, and some species are

Earth Sciences, Crystallography

2005-03-14T05:23:00.000-08:00

In the 19th century crystallographers were only able to study the external form of minerals, and it was not until 1895 when the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X rays that it became possible to consider their internal structure. In 1912 another German physicist, Max von Laue, realized that X rays were scattered and deflected at regular angles when they passed

Crailsheim

2005-03-14T01:39:00.000-08:00

City, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Jagst River, about 45 miles (70 km) northeast of Stuttgart. A Frankish settlement in the 6th and 7th centuries, it was chartered in 1320 and passed to the Hohenzollerns in 1399 and to Württemberg in 1810. Most of the old city with its historic buildings was destroyed in World War II, but the Romanesque church of St. John

Wellington

2005-03-14T00:13:00.000-08:00

Capital city, port, and major commercial centre of New Zealand, located in the extreme south of North Island. It lies on the shores and hills surrounding Port Nicholson, an almost landlocked bay that is ranked among the world's finest harbours. Mount Victoria rises 643 feet (196 metres) near the centre of the city. Wellington is in a fault zone and has survived several

Fowler, William A.

2005-03-13T21:02:00.000-08:00

Fowler studied at Ohio State University (B.S., 1933) and at the California Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1936), where he became a professor in 1939. His theory of

Clanny, William Reid

2005-03-12T08:10:00.000-08:00

Educated at the University of Edinburgh (M.D.), Clanny served with the navy before becoming a private practitioner. In

China, The first historical dynasty: the Shang

2005-03-11T22:58:00.000-08:00

In addition to the works of Chang, Watson, and Rawson mentioned in the previous paragraph, the following works are also informative: Kwang-chih Chang, Early Chinese Civilization: Anthropological Perspectives (1976), and Shang Civilization (1980), on Shang archaeology and culture; Tsung-tung Chang, Der Kult der Shang-Dynastie im Spiegel der Orakelinschriften (1970); David N. Keightley, Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China (1978, reprinted 1985); Wen Fong (ed.), The Great Bronze Age of China (1980), an analytic catalog of an exhibition from the People's Republic of China; and Paul Wheatley, The Pivot of the Four Quarters (1971), a comparative study of the origins of urban society.

Gundobad

2005-03-11T08:13:00.000-08:00

The nephew of the barbarian emperor-maker Ricimer, Gundobad briefly held the supreme military command in the Roman service. In 473 he emulated his uncle when he himself placed a puppet, Glycerius, on the throne of Ravenna, but the subsequent deposition of Glycerius by Julius

Monkey

2005-03-11T02:57:00.000-08:00

9 species.

Wyoming

2005-03-10T05:05:00.000-08:00

Constituent state of the United States of America. It is the ninth largest state, with an area of 97,809 square miles (253,326 square kilometres). It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: South Dakota and Nebraska on the east, Colorado on the south, Utah on the southwest, Idaho on the west, and Montana on the northwest and north. Cheyenne, the state capital, is

Earth, Magnetospheric substormsunbalanced flux transfer

2005-03-10T03:18:00.000-08:00

Magnetospheric substorm is the name applied to the collection of processes that occur throughout the magnetosphere at the time of an auroral and magnetic disturbance. The term substorm was originally used to signify that the processes produce an event, localized in time and space, which is distinct from a magnetic storm. During a typical three-hour substorm, the

Sahara

2005-03-09T13:22:00.000-08:00

Classical accounts describe the Sahara much as it is today—a vast and formidable barrier. The Egyptians controlled only their neighbouring oases and, occasionally, lands to the south; the Carthaginians apparently continued the commercial relationships with the interior that had been established during the Bronze Age. Herodotus described a desert crossing

Pacatus Drepanius, Latinius

2005-03-09T03:32:00.000-08:00

It is uncertain whether Pacatus was pagan or Christian; in his speech he denounced Maximus' persecution of the Priscillianist heretics.

Vienna, Congress Of

2005-03-07T19:14:00.000-08:00

Austria, Prussia

Taft, Lorado

2005-03-07T14:27:00.000-08:00

Taft graduated from the University of Illinois in Champaign and from 1880 to 1883 attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he received a conservative, traditional art education with an emphasis on mythological

Sahara

2005-03-07T07:28:00.000-08:00

International cooperative agency of Lutheran churches, organized at Lund, Swed., in 1947. It developed from the Lutheran World Convention, which held conventions in 1923, 1929, and 1935. The effectiveness of the Lutheran World Convention during the war years was hampered because it had no constitution or defined organization. At the Lund conference in 1947 the Lutheran World Convention

Rwanda Language

2005-03-07T03:18:00.000-08:00

Rwanda also spelled Ruanda , also called Kinyarwanda a Bantu language spoken by some eight million people primarily in Rwanda and to a lesser extent in Burundi, Congo (Kinshasa), Uganda, and Tanzania. The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Rwanda is closely related to the Rundi language of Burundi.

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich

2005-03-06T21:58:00.000-08:00

After graduation from the Air Force Engineering Academy in 1931, Yakovlev immediately began to design aircraft, both piston- and jet-engined. Just before World War II he designed the Yak-1 fighter. His first jet

Landa, Diego De

2005-03-06T01:35:00.000-08:00

Landa was born to a noble family and when quite young joined the Franciscans (1541). His religious fervour manifested itself early, and he asked to be sent as a missionary to the New World. Once in Mexico he tried to help the Indians, who

Spohr, Louis

2005-03-05T11:32:00.000-08:00

Spohr taught himself composition by studying the scores of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. He studied violin with the leader of the Brunswick orchestra and in 1802 with Franz Eck, who

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl Of, Baron Cooper Of Pawlett, Baron Ashley Of Wimborne St. Giles

2005-03-04T23:59:00.000-08:00

He was the eldest son of Cropley Cooper (a younger brother of the 5th Earl of Shaftesbury) and of Anne, daughter of the 4th Duke of Marlborough. He became Lord

Endive

2005-03-04T16:08:00.000-08:00

(Cichorium endivia), edible annual leafy plant of the family Asteraceae, variously believed to have originated in Egypt and Indonesia and cultivated in Europe since the 16th century. Its many varieties form two groups, the curly-leaved, or narrow-leaved, endive (crispa), and the Batavian, or broad-leaved, endive (latifolia). The former is mostly used for salads, the latter for

Fender, Leo

2005-03-04T13:08:00.000-08:00

Together with George Fullerton, Fender developed the first mass-produced solid-body electric guitar, in 1948. Called the Fender Broadcaster (renamed the Telecaster in 1950), it was produced under the auspices of the Fender Electric Instruments Company, which

Zivkovic, Petar

2005-03-04T03:59:00.000-08:00

As a young soldier at the Serbian court, Zivkovic was involved in 1903 in the assassination of King Alexander, the overthrow of the Obrenovic dynasty, and the restoration of the house of Karadjordjevic in the person of King Peter I. Later he joined the so-called White

Aubusson, Pierre D'

2005-03-02T21:04:00.000-08:00

The son of French nobility, Aubusson joined the Knights of St. John c. 1453. The Knights, with their headquarters at Rhodes, held the island as a bar to Ottoman expansion in the Aegean. Aubusson became grand master of the order

New Deal

2005-03-02T15:09:00.000-08:00

The domestic program of the administration of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing, vastly increasing the scope of the federal government's activities. The term was taken from Roosevelt's speech accepting the

Antarctica, Climate

2005-03-01T01:50:00.000-08:00

The unique weather and climate of Antarctica provide the basis for its familiar appellations—Home of the Blizzard and White Desert. By far the coldest continent, Antarctica has winter temperatures that range from -128.6° F (-89.2° C), the world's lowest recorded temperature, measured at Vostok Station (Russia) on July 21, 1983, on the high inland ice sheet to -76° F (-60° C) near sea level. Temperatures

Acta

2005-02-28T21:40:00.000-08:00

The Acta Senatus, or Commentarii Senatus, were the minutes of the proceedings of the Senate. The emperor Augustus continued to keep them but forbade their publication. From the reign of his successor, Tiberius, in the

Abomey

2005-02-28T01:59:00.000-08:00

Town, southern Benin (formerly Dahomey). Probably founded in the early 17th century, it soon became the capital of the kingdom of Abomey (later Dahomey), which dominated production and trade with the European enterprises on the Slave Coast until the late 19th century. The town is located in an area where palm nuts and peanuts (groundnuts) are grown; it is connected by road and

Gambia, The, Plant and animal life

2005-02-27T20:45:00.000-08:00

The vegetation cover of The Gambia is savanna on the uplands, various kinds of inland swamp in the low-lying areas, and mangrove swamp along the brackish lower Gambia River. Few wild animals are native to the region, and those that survive are under pressure from the human and domestic animal populations. In the middle and upper river areas there are warthogs, monkeys,

Affair Of The Diamond Necklace

2005-02-27T18:37:00.000-08:00

Also called Affair of the Necklace scandal at the court of Louis XVI in 1785 that discredited the French monarchy on the eve of the French Revolution. It began as an intrigue on the part of an adventuress, the comtesse (countess) de La Motte, to procure, supposedly for Queen Marie-Antoinette but in reality for herself and her associates, a diamond necklace worth 1,600,000 livres. The necklace was the property of the Parisian

Amphibious Warfare

2005-02-27T13:47:00.000-08:00

Military operations characterized by attacks launched from the sea by naval and landing forces against hostile shores. The main form is the amphibious assault, which may be conducted for any of several purposes: to serve as a prelude to further combat operations ashore; to seize a site required as an advanced naval or air base; or to deny the use of the site or area to

Lågen

2005-02-26T23:07:00.000-08:00

Also called Numedalslågen river, southeastern Norway. Rising in the Hardanger Plateau, the Lågen flows generally east and north, then southeast through Numedalen, a valley in Buskerud fylke (county), past Rødberg and Kongsberg, through Vestfold fylke and into the Skagerrak (an arm of the North Sea) at Larvik. With a total length of 209 miles (337 km), it is the third longest river in the country. Near Kongsberg,

Henlein, Konrad

2005-02-26T20:47:00.000-08:00

Henlein, educated at a commercial academy, became a bank clerk and later a

Anaxagoras

2005-02-26T11:01:00.000-08:00

About 480 Anaxagoras moved to Athens, then becoming the centre of Greek culture, and brought from Ionia the new practice of philosophy and the spirit of

Domenichino

2005-02-24T17:26:00.000-08:00

He was trained in the academy of Lodovico Carracci and in 1602 was in Rome, where he joined the Bolognese artists at work under the direction of Annibale Carracci in

Vagus Nerve

2005-02-24T09:09:00.000-08:00

Also called Tenth Cranial Nerve, longest and most complex of the cranial nerves. The vagus nerve runs from the brain through the face and thorax to the abdomen. It is a mixed nerve that contains parasympathetic fibres. The vagus nerve has two sensory ganglia (masses of nerve tissue that transmit sensory impulses): the superior and the inferior ganglia. The branches of the superior ganglion innervate

Fusulinella

2005-02-24T02:09:00.000-08:00

Genus of extinct fusulinid foraminiferans (protozoans with a shell) found as fossils in Late Carboniferous marine rocks (those formed between 320 and 286 million years ago). Because of its narrow time range and wide geographic distribution, Fusulinella is an excellent guide fossil for Late Carboniferous rocks and time.

Interior Design, Egypt

2005-02-23T17:03:00.000-08:00

In contrast with the monumental tombs and temples of stone, many of which remained intact to the 20th century, Egyptian houses were built of perishable materials, and, therefore, few remains have survived. Sun-dried or kiln-burnt mud bricks were used for the walls; floors consisted of beaten earth, and a thin coat of smooth mud plaster was often used as an internal wall

Marsh Marigold

2005-02-23T16:05:00.000-08:00

The stem of a marsh marigold is hollow, and the leaves are kidney-shaped, heart-shaped, or round. The glossy flowers are 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) across and have pink, white, or yellow sepals. Petals are absent. The stems, leaves, and roots

Niue

2005-02-22T19:53:00.000-08:00

Internally self-governing island state in free association with New Zealand. It is the westernmost of the Cook Islands but is administratively separate from them. Niue lies 1,340 miles (2,156 km) northeast of Auckland and 240 miles (385 km) east of Vava'u, Tonga, in the south-central Pacific. The capital is Alofi. Area 100 square miles (260 square km). Pop. (1994 est.) 2,200.

Crockett, Samuel Rutherford

2005-02-22T14:01:00.000-08:00

After graduating from Edinburgh University in 1879 and studying for the ministry at New Colly, Edinburgh, in 1886 he became minister

Tintern Abbey

2005-02-22T05:12:00.000-08:00

Ecclesiastical ruin in Monmouthsire, Wales, on the west bank of the River Wye. Founded for Cistercian monks in 1131, Tintern Abbey was almost entirely rebuilt and enlarged between 1220 and 1287. The building was finally completed, except for minor additions, in the early 14th century. The abbey was dissolved in 1537, and its property was granted to the lord of Chepstow; the crown bought it

Aschelminth

2005-02-21T08:11:00.000-08:00

There is a much larger literature on the nematodes than other aschelminths because of their importance to humans. Introductory works include Neil A. Croll and Bernard E. Matthews, Biology of Nematodes (1977); Armand Maggenti, General Nematology (1981); Warwick L. Nicholas, The Biology of Free-Living Nematodes, 2nd ed. (1984); and George O. Poinar, Jr., The Natural History of Nematodes (1983). Parasitic forms are discussed in William R. Nickle (ed.), Plant and Insect Nematodes (1984); Gerald D. Schmidt and Larry S. Roberts, Foundations of Parasitology, 3rd ed. (1985); and Norman D. Levine, Nematode Parasites of Domestic Animals and Man (1980). Nematodes in biologic research are the subject of Bert M. Zuckerman (ed.), Nematodes as Biological Models, 2 vol. (1980).

Tariqa

2005-02-20T17:01:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Tariqah, Arabic Tariqah (“road,” “path,” or “way”), the Muslim spiritual path toward direct knowledge (ma'rifah) of God or Reality (haqq). In the 9th and 10th centuries tariqa meant the spiritual path of individual Sufis (mystics). After the 12th century, as communities of followers gathered around sheikhs (or pirs, “teachers”), tariqa came to designate the sheikh's entire ritual system, which was followed by the community

Ankle

2005-02-20T09:20:00.000-08:00

In humans, hinge-type, freely moving synovial joint between the foot and leg. The ankle contains seven tarsal bones that articulate (connect) with each other, with the metatarsal bones of the foot, and with the bones of the lower leg. The articulation of one of the tarsal bones, the ankle bone (talus, or astragalus), with the fibula and tibia of the lower leg forms the actual

Wolf

2005-02-19T18:59:00.000-08:00

The gray wolf has a larger natural

Aerospace Industry, Avionics

2005-02-18T21:50:00.000-08:00

Avionics includes all instruments, sensors, and electronic equipment and the electrical systems that link them to each other and to aerospace vehicle-control systems. It encompasses the functional equipment for guidance, navigation, and communications. A modern airline transport can contain more than 1,000 sensors and “black boxes.” The latter are metal or plastic

Robert, Hubert

2005-02-18T05:07:00.000-08:00

Robert went to Rome (1754), was elected to the French Academy there, and became a friend and associate of the renowned etcher of architectural subjects Giambattista Piranesi. In 1759 he joined Abbé

Insurance, Sue and labour clause

2005-02-18T04:52:00.000-08:00

The sue and labour clause requires the ship owner to make every attempt to reduce or save the exposed interests from loss. Under the terms of the clause, the insurer pays for any necessary costs incurred in carrying out the requirements of the sue and labour clause. Thus, if a ship is stranded, under the sue and labour clause the hull owner would be required to hire salvors

Aldington, Richard

2005-02-16T11:01:00.000-08:00

Educated at Dover College and London University, Aldington early attracted attention through his volumes of Imagist verse (see Imagists). In 1913 he married Hilda

Johnson, Samuel

2005-02-16T08:32:00.000-08:00

Samuel Johnson was the son of Michael Johnson, a bookseller, and his wife, Sarah. From childhood he suffered from a number of physical afflictions and could have spoken, as had the 18th-century English poet Alexander Pope, of “this long disease my life.” By his own account, he was born “almost dead,” and he early contracted scrofula (tuberculosis of the lymphatic glands). Because

Alexander Romance

2005-02-16T00:05:00.000-08:00

The chief source of all Alexander romance literature was a folk epic written in Greek by a Hellenized Egyptian in Alexandria during the 2nd century AD. Surviving translations and copies make its reconstruction possible.

Kore

2005-02-15T22:32:00.000-08:00

Plural Korai, type of freestanding statue of a maiden—the female counterpart of the kouros, or standing youth—that appeared with the beginning of Greek monumental sculpture in about 660 BC and remained to the end of the Archaic period in about 500 BC. Over this period the kore remained essentially the same, although, as in all Greek art, it evolved from a highly stylized form to a more naturalistic

Wilder, Billy

2005-02-14T22:17:00.000-08:00

Wilder attended Viennese schools, including the University of Vienna (which he left

Disposable Income

2005-02-14T10:40:00.000-08:00

That portion of an individual's income over which the recipient has complete discretion. An accurate general definition of income is not easy to provide. Income includes wages and salaries, interest and dividend payments from financial assets, and rents and net profits from businesses. Capital gains on real or financial assets should also be counted as income

Olympia

2005-02-13T22:34:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Washington, U.S., seat (1852) of Thurston county, on Budd Inlet and Capitol Lake (at the south end of Puget Sound), at the mouth of the Deschutes River, 29 miles (47 km) southwest of Tacoma. Laid out in 1851 as Smithfield, it became the site of a U.S. customs house and was renamed for the nearby Olympic Mountains. Chosen as the territorial capital in 1853, Olympia developed port facilities

Gary

2005-02-13T21:56:00.000-08:00

City, Lake county, extreme northwest Indiana, U.S. It lies at the southern end of Lake Michigan in the Calumet district east of Chicago. In 1906 the town (named for Elbert H. Gary, chief organizer of the United States Steel Corporation) was laid out as an adjunct of the company's vast new manufacturing complex. The site was chosen because it lay on navigable water midway between

Domus

2005-02-13T14:26:00.000-08:00

The more public functions and activities of the family took place in the atrium, generally

Mander, Carel Van

2005-02-12T18:25:00.000-08:00

Born of a noble family at Meulebeke,

Jacob Of Serugh,

2005-02-11T18:30:00.000-08:00

Like his father, Jacob was ordained a priest, and by 503 he was episcopal visitor of Haura in Serugh. In 519 he was made bishop of Batnan in Serugh. By his contemporaries and by some moderns Jacob

Improvisation

2005-02-11T05:01:00.000-08:00

Many of

Zoochlorella

2005-02-11T01:23:00.000-08:00

Plural Zoochlorellae, any small green alga (often Chlorella) or, sometimes, flagellate protozoan (e.g., the chlamydomonad Carteria) that lives within the bodies of various freshwater protozoans and invertebrates. Zoochlorellae often colour their hosts green (e.g., green hydra and green Paramecium bursaria). As symbionts, zoochlorellae use carbon dioxide and nitrogenous and phosphorous

Turbot

2005-02-09T17:58:00.000-08:00

(Scophthalmus maximus), broad-bodied European flatfish of the family Scophthalmidae or, in some classifications, Bothidae. A highly valued food fish, the turbot lives along sand and gravel shores. It is a left-sided flatfish, with its eyes normally on the left side of the head, and it is scaleless, though its head and body are studded with numerous bony knobs, or tubercles.

Cinq-mars, Henri Coiffier De Ruzé, Marquis De

2005-02-09T14:02:00.000-08:00

Cinq-Mars was the son of the marshal Antoine Coiffier-Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat, a close friend of Richelieu, who took the boy under his protection on his father's death in 1632. Richelieu

Alvensleben-erxleben, Gustav, Graf Von (count Of)

2005-02-09T02:44:00.000-08:00

As a member of the Prussian general staff (1847–58), Alvensleben participated in the suppression of the revolution of 1849 in Baden and was named chief of staff for the troops that remained in occupation. In 1854 he

Mahayana-sraddhotpada-sastra

2005-02-08T23:05:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “Treatise on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana”), relatively brief but influential exposition of the fundamentals of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy and faith. Though the work is said to be that of the Sanskrit poet Asvaghosa, there are no extant Sanskrit copies of The Awakening of Faith (as it is known in the modern translation by D.T. Suzuki) and no references to

Spanish Treasure Fleet

2005-02-08T21:19:00.000-08:00

Beginning in the 1560s, shipping between Spain and the Americas was organized on a regular basis. Two fleets of between 30 and 90 vessels sailed from Seville to

China

2005-02-08T16:08:00.000-08:00

The People's Republic of China is situated in eastern Asia, with coastlines on the Yellow Sea and the East and South China seas. Area: 9,572,900 sq km (3,696,100 sq mi), including Tibet and excluding Taiwan. (See Taiwan, below.) Pop. (1994 est., excluding Taiwan): 1,192,300,000. Cap.: Beijing (Peking). Monetary unit: renminbi yuan, with (Oct. 7, 1994) an interbank rate of 8.53 yuan to U.S. $1 (13.57 yuan = £ 1 sterling). President in 1994, Jiang Zemin (Chiang Tse-min); premier,

Coraciiform, Similarities to birds of other orders

2005-02-07T18:43:00.000-08:00

The size of the birds of this order and their propensity to take rather large prey bring them into competition with many other species of other groups. It is perhaps instructive to compare certain Old World groups with representatives of different orders in the New World tropics (see above Natural history). The most striking parallel is seen between the toucans

Breda, Treaty Of

2005-02-06T22:53:00.000-08:00

(July 31, 1667), treaty between England, the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark, which brought to an inconclusive end the second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–67), in which France and Denmark had supported the Dutch. The Dutch had the military advantage during the war (fought mostly at sea) but were compelled to make peace quickly to deal with Louis XIV's invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in the

Carnivore, Importance to humans

2005-02-06T17:01:00.000-08:00

The seal is of significant importance to the survival of the Eskimos and other inhabitants of the north, who use almost every part of the animal: the meat is eaten; bones used for implements; tendons for sewing; hides for leather to make footwear, boats, shelters, bags, clothing, and ornaments; and the oil and fat for fuel, lubrication, and tanning. The ivory tusks of the walrus

Wright, Patience

2005-02-06T04:29:00.000-08:00

Patience Lovell was born into a prosperous Quaker farm family. In 1748 she married Joseph Wright. Little is known of her life from then until 1769, when she was left a widow with five children. About this time she began modeling in wax. Her recorded

Rabanus Maurus,

2005-02-05T07:05:00.000-08:00

Rabanus was sent to Tours, Fr., in 802 to study under the noted scholar-monk Alcuin. In 803 he assumed the direction of the monastic school of

China, The Nien Rebellion

2005-02-04T20:53:00.000-08:00

Often in the first half of the 19th century plundering gangs, called nien, ravaged northern Anhwei, southern Shantung, and southern Honan. In mid-century, however, their activities were suddenly intensified, partly by the addition to their numbers of a great many starving people who had lost their livelihood from repeated floods of the Huang Ho in the early 1850s, and partly

TiredMarble

Carlowitz, Treaty Of

Orlov, Grigory Grigoryevich, Graf (count)

Christianity, The schism of 1054

Orlov, Grigory Grigoryevich, Graf (count)

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

Amazon River, Early European exploration

Tea Olive

Château-thierry

Devonshire, William Cavendish, 1st Earl Of, Baron Cavendish Of Hardwick

Teratology

Biblical Literature, Kings: the second book

Annelid, Size range and diversity of structure

General Mills, Inc.

Manchuria

Pole, Reginald

Abzug, Bella (bella Savitzky)

Islam, The Black Muslims

Annatto

Strand, Mark

Mugla

Karakul

Farrukh Beg

Sunderland, Henry Spencer, 1st Earl Of, Baron Spencer Of Wormleighton

Colonialism, Western, World War II (193945)

Cardiovascular Disease, Severe congestive heart failure

Shield-backed Katydid

Earth Sciences, Crystallography

Crailsheim

Wellington

Fowler, William A.

Clanny, William Reid

China, The first historical dynasty: the Shang

Gundobad

Monkey

Wyoming

Earth, Magnetospheric substormsunbalanced flux transfer

Sahara

Pacatus Drepanius, Latinius

Vienna, Congress Of

Taft, Lorado

Sahara

Rwanda Language

Yakovlev, Aleksandr Sergeyevich

Landa, Diego De

Spohr, Louis

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl Of, Baron Cooper Of Pawlett, Baron Ashley Of Wimborne St. Giles

Endive

Fender, Leo

Zivkovic, Petar

Aubusson, Pierre D'

New Deal

Antarctica, Climate

Acta

Abomey

Gambia, The, Plant and animal life

Affair Of The Diamond Necklace

Amphibious Warfare

Lågen

Henlein, Konrad

Anaxagoras

Domenichino

Vagus Nerve

Fusulinella

Interior Design, Egypt

Marsh Marigold

Niue

Crockett, Samuel Rutherford

Tintern Abbey

Aschelminth

Tariqa

Ankle

Wolf

Aerospace Industry, Avionics

Robert, Hubert

Insurance, Sue and labour clause

Aldington, Richard

Johnson, Samuel

Alexander Romance

Kore

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

Islam, The Black Muslims

Colonialism, Western, World War II (193945)

Earth, Magnetospheric substormsunbalanced flux transfer